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#polymorphism

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Planetary Ecologist

Genotype (Genetics 🧬)

The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material. Genotype can also be used to refer to the alleles or variants an individual carries in a particular gene or genetic location. The number of alleles an individual can have in a specific gene depends on the number of copies of each chromosome found in that species, also referred to as ploidy. In diploid species like...

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype

en.wikipedia.orgGenotype - Wikipedia
#Genotype#Genetics#DnaSequencing
Public
Giuseppe Michieli

An emerging #PB2-627 #polymorphism increases #pandemic #potential of avian #influenza virus by breaking through ANP32 host restriction in #mammalian & avian hosts, BioRxIV: biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/20

by screening the global PB2 seq., we discovered a new independent cluster with PB2-627V emerged in the '10s, which is prevalent in various avian, mammalian, & human isolates of AIVs, including #H9N2, #H7N9, #H3N8, 2.3.4.4b #H5N1, and other subtypes.

bioRxiv · An emerging PB2-627 polymorphism increases the pandemic potential of avian influenza virus by breaking through ANP32 host restriction in mammalian and avian hostsAlterations in the PB2-627 domain could substantially increase the risk of an avian influenza virus (AIV) pandemic. So far, a well-known mammalian mutation PB2-E627K has not been maintained in AIV in poultry, which limits the spread of AIVs from avian to humans. Here, we discovered a variant, PB2-627V, which combines the properties of avian-like PB2-627E and human-like PB2-627K, overcoming host restrictions and posing a risk for human pandemics. Specifically, by screening the global PB2 sequences, we discovered a new independent cluster with PB2-627V emerged in the 2010s, which is prevalent in various avian, mammalian, and human isolates of AIVs, including H9N2, H7N9, H3N8, 2.3.4.4b H5N1, and other subtypes. And, the increasing prevalence of PB2-627V in poultry is accompanied by a rise in human infection cases with this variant. Then we systematically assessed its host adaptation, fitness, and transmissibility across three subtypes of AIVs (H9N2, H7N9, and H3N8) in different host models, including avian and human cells, chickens, mice, and ferrets where infections naturally occur. We found that PB2-627V facilitates AIVs to efficiently replicate and infect chickens and mice by utilizing both avian- and human-origin ANP32A proteins. Importantly, and like PB2-627K, PB2-627V promotes efficient transmission between ferrets through respiratory droplets. Deep sequencing in passaged chicken samples and transmitted ferret samples indicates PB2-627V maintains stable functionality across the two distinct hosts. Therefore, the mutation has the ability to continue spreading among poultry and can also overcome the barrier between birds and humans, greatly enhancing the likelihood of AIVs infecting humans. Given the escalating global spread of AIVs, it is crucial to closely monitor influenza viruses carrying PB2-627V to prevent a pandemic. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.
Public
Felix Palmen :freebsd: :c64:

Creating an #emoji #keyboard with "pure" #X11 using #xcb ... this time, designing my object model with support for #polymorphism (by "virtual methods") really paid off 😎

I added an "EmojiButton" class which inherits most of its functionality from the generic "Button".

It adds the "render callback" to fix rendering for missing glyphs ... and while testing that, I disovered that the "Twitter Color Emoji" font sometimes does have glyphs for emojis without a "variant selector", while the glyphs with the selector are missing 🤯 .. so there's now another fallback trying to strip these selectors first before resorting to the Unicode replacement character.

It also adds the possibility to be "selected", using the middle mouse button, which allows to transfer an emoji using X11's "primary selection" in addition to the default method of injecting fake key-press events.

Just around 100 lines, including boilerplate necessary in C, like explicitly defining a "vtable" for the virtual methods 😉

github.com/Zirias/xmoji/commit

GIF
Public *
Stefan F. Wirth

About the #diphenism in #migratorylocusts with an #explication about the #difference between #polymorphism and #polyphenism, and about new research on the function of #olfactory #perception in a #swarm related to the context of perceiving #conspecifics and #food

© #StefanFWirth 2024

My #blog article on "#biologe"
wp.me/p2l6XU-1Tp

Source
I. Petelski et al. preprint (2023):
doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.15.557

#photos #Schistocerca #gregaria, fig1 is a freshly #molted #adult ©S. F. Wirth

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