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Busaniche and Cignoli (2011) also describe "twist structures" where truth values are pairs of binary numbers representing "truth" and "falsity", and negation is swapping:¬(a,b)=(b,a).When I mentioned twist structures earlier, I restricted attention to the 3-valued case F=(0,1),B=(1,1),T=(0,1), but of course N=(0,0) may be thought of as "neither true nor false" and can be used as an input to the equations and circuits I showed. However, unlike with F4, there is no isomorphism between B and N. Here's the implication:(a,b)(c,d):=((ac)(db),ad)where the arrows on the rhs are regular binary conditionals.FNBTFTTTTNNTNTBFNBTTFNFTThis has a left adjoint PQ:=¬(P¬Q). Notice that if you ignore the N rows and columns, you get the relevant implication and conjunction of .

But we can form another adjoint pair! Notice that aF=¬a is the type of negation used in the paraconsistent conditional (aF)b. If we "and with the contrapositive", we get an implication F that is exactly the same as , except that NFN is N instead of T. It also has left adjoint ¬(aF¬b).

Perhaps this question is best left to . What is the proper value for "if I don't know, then I don't know"? It's either T or N. Another question is "is N valid?" If it isn't valid, then Modus Ponens fails for F.

CubeRootOfTrue

I should also point out that when I say there is an adjoint pair here, I'm not talking about the arrows in the poset. Usually, you would say((ab)c)(a(bc))to indicate the adjunction. But in the 4-valued case, B is not comparable to N (it's not a total order), so instead I'm writing((ab)c)(a(bc))If you define ¬a so that {F,N} are not valid and {B,T} are valid, then you get the regular twist implication. But if N is not valid then axiom S fails for both and F. So it's valid, but if you ask it, it'll say "I don't know."

In the logic FOUR, which can also be implemented in the algebra of F4, N is considered valid and((aF)b)((¬bF)¬a) is the same as ab, shown here:FOURFNBTFTTTTNFNFTBFFBTTFFFTIn this case, NFOURN=N, and N is otherwise banished from the result.

All of which is to say, 4-valued logics are complex. There are several choices for the operators, differing in how they handle the 4th value and which theorems they reject. At least, it seems "I don't know" should be a valid logical statement, and is otherwise like "both true and false".

The isomorphism BN in F4 leads to , and it seems reasonable to think of B as both "maybe" and "I don't know".

Let me repeat that "I don't know" is not only valid, you should never be afraid to say it.