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Happy Applied week.

I'm going to summarize the construction of .

Just as one can construct the complex numbers from the reals by solving the equation x2+1=0 to get x=±1, we can express "A and not A is True" in Boolean Algebra as x(x+1)=x2+x=1. The field extension Z2/(x2+x1) creates two new truth values, ϕ and ϕ+1 within the 4-element field F4, along with 0 and 1, so thatϕ(ϕ+1)=1.The two new truth values are often called "Both" and "Neither," and display a symmetry (within F4) such that we may ignore "Neither" and replace it with "Both" everywhere. The result is a 3-valued logic that we still need to work on a bit. Conjunction () is multiplication, and negation (¬) is the involutionA¬AϕϕDisjunction () is the DeMorgan dual of conjunction.

Within F4 lurks the important operator , the modal "possible", which serves to define the notion of validity in the logic. It is implemented by cubing.A:=a3This lets us define a paraconsistent implicationAB:=¬ABthat satisfies A¬AB, that is, it is not explosive. We then define relevant implication as AB:=(AB)(¬B¬A).Finally the tensor-hom adjunction gives us the monoidal product as ¬(A¬B), with ϕ as unit, ϕA=A, and is dual to .

CubeRootOfTrue

is seen to have the structure of a symmetric monoidal closed category. The ordinary conjunction and disjunction are Cartesian, but we also have a non-Cartesian tensor product that is left adjoint to the relevant implication. This structure is also described as a residuated lattice.

Symmetry is optional, and we can easily define non-commutative versions of the operators, which is done for example in the Lambek calculus model of natural language, and Linear Logic (linear here means "sequential").

RM3 is robust to paradox. The usual paradoxes of the "material conditional" fall, they are paradoxes in binary logic because the conditional there is NOT "material", it is just called that. A true material conditional, like a material witness, is a relevant conditional. Paradoxes of relevance are often called "informal" fallacies because in binary logic they are tautologies. Only the relevant implication can see them.

TL,DR; there is really only one difference between binary logic and RM3, which means that there are really two differences but they are the same. Everything else works the same way, but to avoid paradox, all you need to remember is not to do either ofϕϕBoth are invalid. That is, reasoning from inconsistency, or reasoning towards inconsistency, are both bad. And since at the start, we equated "Both" with "Neither", we can also say reasoning from/towards "I don't know" is just as bad.