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Fairmandering: Generating Fairness-optimized Political Districts, https://sinews.siam.org/Details-Page/fairmandering-generating-fairness-optimized-political-districts, Wes Gurnee and David Shmoys
If you generate a hierarchically-organized and large family of partitions of a state into contiguous equal-population regions, you can then optimize over the hierarchy for fairness. Gurnee and Shmoys choose to optimize the efficiency gap (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_gap) but their method is a two-edged sword: it would work equally well to optimize for partisan advantage.
sinews.siam.orgFairmandering: Generating Fairness-optimized Political DistrictsBy Wes Gurnee and David Shmoys
All representative democracies must have a method in place that enables voters to choose their representatives. In the U.S., voters elect most congressional, state, and local representatives in winner-take-all elections within single-member districts that are drawn by partisan officials. Because the choice of district boundaries can greatly impact election results, party figures are able to engineer electoral outcomes by manipulating district maps — a practice...